Pneumonia Homework Help

Pneumonia homework help

Get professional guidance or pneumonia homework help for an enriched understanding of pneumonia as a health concern affecting people of different ages. Pneumonia is among the prevalent diseases among children. However, it affects people of different ages, including young adults and older people. Pneumonia is a health problem whereby the affected individual experiences inflammation of the lungs. The inflammation is always the result of an infection caused by fungi, bacteria, or viruses. Apart from inflammation of the lungs, the affected individual can also develop fluid in the lungs. A combination of the inflammation, which results in swelling of the lungs, and presence of the the fluid in the lungs, causes breathing difficulty to the person. It may also result in coughing and fever. Cough in an individual with pneumonia is unique in that a person releases bloody, green, or yellow mucus. Apart from the pathogens, pneumonia can also result when a person suffers from pneumococcal disease, COVID-19, or flu. The various causes of the disease determine the type of pneumonia. For instance, pneumonia caused by a virus is known as viral pneumonia, while bacteria cause bacterial pneumonia. Once affected, one or both lungs can be affected.

Different types of pneumonia

There are different ways of classifying pneumonia. It can be characterized based on the causal agent and also how a person obtained the infection. With the various types of pneumonia that exist, it is important to have a basic understanding of each of the health conditions. Depending on how an individual obtained the infection, pneumonia types include ventilator-associated pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and community-acquired pneumonia. However, the disease can be categorized as fungal, bacterial, or viral, depending on the causal agent.

Types of pneumonia	Community-acquired pneumonia	Hospital-acquired pneumonia	Ventilator-associated pneumonia	Fungal pneumonia	Bacterial pneumonia	Viral pneumonia
Cause	Acquired outside healthcare facility	antibiotic-resistant bacteria, e.g., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)	Caused by either bacteria, viruses, or fungi	Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus Coccidioidomycosis)	Chlamydia pneumoniae Streptococcus pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia	SARS-CoV-2 Some common cold and flu viruses Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Complications	Systemic complications, e.g., septic shock Respiratory failure Death Lung complications	Lung abscess Sepsis Respiratory failure Longterm lung damage	Empyema Bronchospasm Septic shock Acute respiratory virus syndrome	Sepsis syndrome Cerebral septic emboli Hemoptysis Pulmonary infarction	Meningitis, sinus infections, ear infections	Heart failure Liver failure Respiratory failure

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The population at high risk of developing pneumonia

As earlier stated, anybody is at risk of getting pneumonia. However, there are people at a higher risk of developing the disease. Based on age, children below the age of two and the elderly of more than 65 years are highly predisposed to the disease.

Generally, pneumonia specifically targets the lungs. Therefore, people with lung complications are also vulnerable to the disease. Research also shows that individuals diagnosed with heart complications can easily contract pneumonia. Some of the diseases that increase one’s risk of getting pneumonia include sarcoidosis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Individuals with extended hospital admissions or spend in a long-term care facility are predisposed to the risk of contracting pneumonia, especially healthcare-acquired pneumonia.

Another category of people at high risk of pneumonia are smokers, pregnant women, and also individuals with weak immune systems. A weak immune system can be associated with chemotherapy and related cancer treatments, individuals relying on medications whose side effects include suppression of the immune system, and also individuals living with HIV/AIDS.

Suggestive signs and symptoms of pneumonia

Lung-related diseases may sometimes have similar symptoms, which can easily be confused with pneumonia. Any confusion between the health problems requires performing tests or diagnosis to determine the actual problem a patient suffers from.

There are different types of pneumonia, and there are also different signs and symptoms. The age of the individual affected also affects the type of symptoms they experience.

The main signs and symptoms of the disease among the elderly include fatigue, low appetite, and a sudden change in mental health. Besides, one may experience breath shortness and cough. Because of the weak immune system, the disease can worsen and become life-threatening.

Once they develop pneumonia, children experience multiple signs and symptoms, including vomiting, loss of appetite, breathing difficulty, coughing, sweating, chills, and fever. With inflamed or swollen lungs, a child may present with poor feeding, noisy breathing, and increased crying from the resulting discomfort.

How can you differentiate viral and bacterial pneumonia?

Bacterial pneumonia is known for its multiple symptoms, such as chills or sweating, breath shortness, rapid breathing, high fever, coughing green, yellow, or bloody mucus, bluish nails, lips or skin, loss of appetite, and chest pains. The symptoms can develop immediately or gradually after the time of infection.

Viral pneumonia shows symptoms several days after the infection. A person may experience extreme body fatigue or weakness, muscle pain, headache, and dry cough.

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Pneumonia transmission

As an acute respiratory infection, it is important for healthy individuals and also affected parties to understand the transmission mechanisms of the disease. The pathogens causing the disease attack the lungs but are mostly present in a person’s throat or nose and, hence, cause an infection through inhalation. However, when an affected person sneezes or coughs, the disease-causing organisms can be transmitted through the air droplets. A parent, specifically the mother, during pregnancy and at birth, can transfer pneumonia to the child during birth or some moments after birth.

Awareness of the modes of transmission is important to lower the spread of the disease. Hence, the healthy and infected population can take necessary precautions for a healthy population.

Tests and diagnosis for pneumonia

Test	Procedure involved
Sputum test	A sputum sample extracted from the lungs is used to diagnose infections within the lungs. Any abnormality in the sputum sample indicates a positive sputum test.
Bronchoscopy	A bronchoscope is used to examine the airways in the lungs. The process involves tissue biopsy, sputum collection, and extracting the fluids within the lungs to test for any disorders.
Imaging, e.g., chest CT scan and chest X-ray	Chest x-ray helps to show the presence of lung inflammation. A CT scan helps to identify the detailed image of the lungs. It is more effective when the chest X-ray fails to give detailed or reliable information.
Blood test	It helps to identify the cause of infection and shows the extent to which the virus, fungi, or bacteria has spread in the blood.
Arterial blood gas test	Diagnoses pneumonia through assessing the pulmonary ventilation.
Pulse oximetry	It helps measure oxygen levels in the blood. An oxygen saturation below 92% indicates pneumonia.

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Treatment of pneumonia

Pneumonia is treatable once the cause is identified. Hence, a caregiver should consider the results of the diagnosis or test to determine the most suitable and effective treatment. Treatments vary depending on the cause of the disease.

Therefore, antibiotics are used when an individual suffers from bacterial pneumonia. However, the medication is not effective when used on an individual with viral pneumonia.

Is pneumonia preventable?

Such a question is possible for a victim of the disease and also for individuals aware of the health risks of the disease on an individual.

The good news is pneumonia is preventable.

Among the possible ways of preventing infection is through immunization against various diseases, such as whooping cough, measles, and pneumococcus, which can put a person at risk of the disease.

Caregivers or parents can prevent the disease among children by promoting good nutrition to boost their immunity. Good nutrition also improves an individual’s recovery rate once infected.

When air pollution is among the main causes of disease, an individual can prevent the disease risk by limiting exposure to air pollutants while promoting improved hygiene in their residential places.

UNICEF and WHO recommend and approve such preventive approaches, as strategies for protecting, preventing, and treating pneumonia.

Additional ways of lowering the risk of pneumonia are refraining from smoking habits and also from exposure to secondhand smoke to avoid lung damage, making it vulnerable to infections that can result in pneumonia.

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Management of pneumonia symptoms

At times, serious symptoms of pneumonia can result in significant discomfort and reduced life quality. In this case, the patient can use different approaches to manage the symptoms. The choice of the intervention varies depending on the symptom and its severity. For instance, if an adult experiences dry cough or any type of cough while having pneumonia, they can use cough suppressants, which can clear the mucus or any fluids accumulating in the lungs through coughing.

Other approaches to managing the symptoms include drinking adequate fluids, using a humidifier to improve breathing ability, and engaging in breathing exercises to loosen mucus and, therefore, encourage improved breathing. Painkillers can help when a pneumonia patient experiences fever or body aches. In this case, they can use acetaminophen or ibuprofen, among other painkillers.

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